盛夏熱浪翻涌，世界杯戰火正酣。賽場上比分交替、絕殺與逆轉輪番上演。

東道主墨西哥隊憑“天時地利人和”破除“淘汰賽魔咒”晉級16強，佛得角隊則以“上下同欲者勝”的信念上演黑馬傳奇——這些“賽場密碼”，正值得用中英雙語細細解讀。

當地時間6月30日，墨西哥隊球員慶祝進球。圖源：新華社

以下中英文內容來自中華思想文化術語傳播工程核心成果——《中華思想文化術語》叢書。

天時地利人和

Opportune time, geographic advantage,

and unity of the people

“天時”本指作戰時的有利氣候，泛指時間上的各種有利條件，包括天氣、時機、機遇等；“地利”本指作戰時的有利地形，泛指空間上的各種有利條件，包括地形、地勢、區位等；“人和”本指得到人們擁護，上下同心， 團結一致，泛指人的優勢。

"Opportune time", which originally referred to the favorable weather at the time of war, now generally refers to various temporal advantages, including weather, timing, opportunity, and so on. "Geographic advantage", which originally referred to advantageous positions in battle, now refers to generally various favorable spacial conditions, including terrain, position, location, and such. "Unity of the people", which originally referred to popular support, unity of all ranks, and societal solidarity, now refers in general to advantages in personnel.

古人認為，它們是事關成敗的三種最重要的因素；而且“天時不如地利，地利不如人和”，其中起決定作用的是“人和”。 它反映了中國人考慮問題的三個基本向度——時間（時機）、空間（環境） 和人，體現“以人為本”的基本理念。

Ancient Chinese believed that these three were the most important factors for success. Among them, "unity of the people" is decisive because "opportune time is not as valuable as geographic advantage, and geographic advantage is not as valuable as unity of the people". The saying reflects the three fundamental dimensions of a problem the Chinese people take into consideration: time (opportunity), space (environment), and people. It reflects the basic notion of putting people at the center of everything.

▌引例

天時不如地利，地利不如人和。（《孟子·公孫丑下》））

Favorable weather conditions are not as valuable as favorable geographic conditions, and favorable geographic conditions are not as valuable as the unity of the people. (Mencius)

上下同欲者勝

Triumph comes when leaders and followers

share the same goal.

上下齊心協力，才能取得勝利。是由中國古代軍事家孫武提出的重要思想。大到國家、軍隊，小到一個單位，無論職位高低，都應該抱持同樣的愿望、意志和目標，這樣就能凝聚眾人的智慧、發揮最大的戰力。它強調人的精神作用和團結之力，體現“以人為本”的中華思維特質。

This is an important concept put forward by Sunzi, the great strategist of ancient China. No matter what their position or level, the people in a state, an army or even a work unit should share the same aspiration, will and goal. Only then can all their wisdom be pooled together and their combat capacity be brought to the full. This concept stresses the importance of human spirit and solidarity, embodying one of the essential Chinese conceptions — "people first".

▌引例

故知勝有五：知可以戰與不可以戰者勝，識眾寡之用者勝，上下同欲者勝，以虞待不虞者勝，將能而君不御者勝。（《孫子?謀攻》）

There are five ways to predict victory in a battle. Victory can be achieved by: knowing under what conditions one can or cannot go to a battle; knowing how to use flexible tactics to win a battle based on the number of troops under one's command; when officers and soldiers are united as one; when well-prepared troops attack an unprepared enemy; and when commanders are talented and capable, and the monarch does not interfere. (The Art of War)

奇正

Qi or zheng

/ surprise or normal

“奇”是反常的、出其不意的，“正”是正面的、正常的。最早由《老子》提出。主要含義有二：其一，作為軍事用語，指兩種不同的用兵應敵的方式：“正”指在了解敵方作戰意圖基礎上的正面應敵，“奇”指隱蔽自己的作戰意圖，靈活地運用偷襲、設伏等手段，以達到出其不意的效果。“奇”與“正”的運用需要相互配合。

Qi (奇) means surprise while zheng (正) means direct and normal. First advanced by Laozi, the concept has two main meanings. First, it is a military term about two opposing ways of fighting. Zheng means meeting the enemy head-on based on an understanding of its intention，while Qi means keeping one's intention to oneself and launching surprise attack and laying ambush on the enemy in order to secure surprise victory. Zheng and qi need to be applied in a coordinated way.

“奇正”有時也被用來處理、應對日常事務。其二，作為文藝批評術語，用來稱說文章思想內容上的純正與奇詭以及文辭上的典雅與巧麗。

While a military term, qizheng is also used to deal with daily affairs. Second, as a term of literary and art criticism, it means an article is pure and original in terms of theme and elegant and stylish in terms of diction.

▌引例

以正治國，以奇用兵，以無事取天下。（《老子·五十七章》）

A state should be ruled by the normal way, fighting should be conducted in a surprised way, while ideal governance should let people handle their own affairs. (Laozi)

兵形象水

Troop should charge forward

like the flow of water.

用兵作戰之法就像水流一樣。這是古代兵家孫武提出的兵學命題。意思是說，指揮打仗，不能拘泥于固定的戰法，必須根據具體情況，迅即進行調整變換，揚長避短，就像水流隨著地形地勢的變化而呈現不同的形態一樣。猶今之所謂采取靈活機動的戰略戰術，掌握戰場主動權。

This military concept was formulated by Sunzi, the ancient military strategist. It means that in directing a battle, one must not adhere to a predetermined plan. Depending on the specific situation, rapid adjustments must be made to make the best use of one's strengths and to avoid one's weaknesses, just as water assumes different shapes as its flow follows the lie of the land. This is what is known today as using flexible tactics and strategies to gain the initiative on the battlefield.

▌引例

夫兵形象水。水之形，避高而趨下；兵之形，避實而擊虛。水因地而制流，兵因敵而制勝。故兵無常勢，水無常形，能因敵變化而取勝者謂之神。（《孫子?虛實》）

Commanding troops should be like the flow of water. Water runs from a high point to a low one. Troops should avoid attacking where the enemy defense is strong but instead attack where its defense is weak. Just as the flow of water is determined by terrain, war fighting should be based on the assessment of the enemy's situation to secure victory. Hence there is no set formation for troops and no set shape for water. The one who can win by understanding the enemy's situation can be called a godlike commander. (The Art of War)

中華思想文化術語

《中華思想文化術語（歷史 哲學 文藝）》是國務院批準設立的“中華思想文化術語傳播工程”的成果之一，以學生和教師等群體為讀者對象，為其研讀、理解和翻譯中華思想文化相關內容提供準確權威、正本清源的參考。

這些術語反映了中國傳統文化特征和民族思維方式，體現了中國核心價值，編寫者用易于口頭表達、交流的簡練語言客觀準確地予以詮釋，目的是在政府機構、社會組織、傳播媒體等對外交往活動中，傳播好中國聲音，講好中國故事，讓世界更多了解中國國情、歷史和文化。

來源：中華思想文化術語

跟著China Daily

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