這是 一直夫婦 的第 714 篇文章
本文 2805 字,預(yù)計(jì)閱讀 7min
00
今年年初,「小學(xué)生秦朗丟掉寒假作業(yè)」沖上了熱搜。起因是一位名叫「Thurman貓一杯」的千萬(wàn)級(jí)網(wǎng)紅發(fā)了一條視頻,稱在巴黎撿到這位小朋友的作業(yè)本。后來(lái),她還聯(lián)系到小孩的舅舅、媽媽,也上了熱搜。然而,警方查實(shí),該系列視頻均為博主為吸引流量所編造的虛假視頻,對(duì)其予以關(guān)閉賬號(hào)處置。
01 本文主題詞
主題詞一:關(guān)閉賬號(hào)
01 shut down the social media accounts
最容易想到的「關(guān)閉賬號(hào)」應(yīng)該是 close the account。此外,我們可以用 shut down 這個(gè)詞組,表示 stops operating, either permanently or for a short time。既可以是「關(guān)閉」公司、工廠等,也可以是「關(guān)掉」機(jī)器,使之停止運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn);還可以是「關(guān)停」賬號(hào)。BBC 等外媒都用到了該表達(dá)。
02 kick sb off social media
另一種更形象的說(shuō)法則是 kick off。不過(guò)不是 kick off 「開始」,而是加上賓語(yǔ),變成 kick sb off sth,表示 to remove someone from a team or group,中文為從隊(duì)伍、團(tuán)體中「開除,逐出某人」。kick sb off social media 字面意思是「把某人踢出社交媒體」,實(shí)際含義便是「關(guān)閉某人的所有社交媒體賬號(hào)」。
The coach threatened to kick him off the team if he continued to be late for practice.
教練威脅說(shuō),如果他下次訓(xùn)練再遲到,就把他開除出球隊(duì)。
03 remove accounts
假設(shè)要用一個(gè)單詞來(lái)表示關(guān)閉這個(gè)動(dòng)作,我們可以派 remove 出場(chǎng)。這是一個(gè)含義極其豐富,口語(yǔ)、書面語(yǔ)均經(jīng)常用到的動(dòng)詞。本義是 to take sth / sb away from a place「移開;去掉」。比如,remove his hand from her shoulder「拿開放在她肩膀的手」。由此引申為 to cause (something) to no longer exist「去掉,消除」。2021 年考研新題型中的一句話用到了這個(gè)義項(xiàng)。
Companies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiring decisions.
企業(yè)正在利用人工智能消除招聘決策中的一些無(wú)意識(shí)偏見。
主題詞二:捏造
fabricate
六級(jí) + 考研詞匯
是不是看這位朋友有點(diǎn)眼熟?熟就對(duì)了。不過(guò)這次我們來(lái)更詳細(xì)地探究下它的前世今生。fabricate 和 fabric 看上去很像,所以前者從后者派生而來(lái)?很多名詞、動(dòng)詞都是這樣,但它倆不同,二者都源自拉丁語(yǔ),共用詞根 faber,表示「工匠、制作者」。派生名詞 fabrica 原指進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)的工作坊或工藝,也可以指制造而成的工藝品。后來(lái)逐漸演變成了現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中的 fabric「織物;布料」。
工作坊是為了生產(chǎn)物品而存在,所以拉丁語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 fabricare 表示「制造,生產(chǎn)」,這就是 fabricate 為什么會(huì)有「制造」這一語(yǔ)義的原因,英文為 to make or produce goods or equipment,類似 manufacture。
All the tools are fabricated from high quality steel.
所有工具均由精鋼制成。
人類可以編織出精美的工藝品,也能用口編織出一套套謊言。由此 fabricate 的第二元神就位,表示 to invent false information in order to trick people「編造,捏造」,比如「捏造證據(jù)」fabricate evidence。下面來(lái)看《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》有關(guān)大語(yǔ)言模型 LLM 的例句。
If an LLM could be prompted with real (or fabricated) back stories so as to mirror accurately what human participants might say, they could theoretically replace focus groups, or be used as agents in economics research.
如果 LLM 能夠在真實(shí)(或虛構(gòu))的故事背景提示下準(zhǔn)確說(shuō)出人類參與者可能會(huì)說(shuō)的話,那么從理論上講,LLM 就可以取代焦點(diǎn)小組,或者在經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究中充當(dāng)代理。
02
The influencer, whose surname police said was Xu, had a combined following of 30 million on various Chinese platforms.
Ms Xu posted a video on 16 February claiming that a waiter at a coffee shop in Paris handed her two holiday workbooks that belonged to a student named Qin Lang. She then jumped on the mission to return the books to the grade 1 boy in China.
The video quickly went viral in China and sparked the search for the boy, with hashtags such as "Grade 1 Class 8 Qin Lang" getting millions of views on Weibo, a microblogging site, and Douyin, the name for TikTok in China.
整段譯文:警方稱該徐姓網(wǎng)紅在中國(guó)多個(gè)平臺(tái)擁有三千萬(wàn)粉絲。
徐某于 2 月 16 日發(fā)布了一段視頻,稱巴黎一家咖啡店的服務(wù)員遞給她兩本假期作業(yè),這兩本作業(yè)屬于一位名叫秦朗的一年級(jí)學(xué)生。之后,她迅速開啟了交還作業(yè)的行動(dòng)。
這段視頻在國(guó)內(nèi)迅速走紅,并引發(fā)了尋找男孩的熱潮,「一年級(jí)八班秦朗 」等標(biāo)簽在微博和抖音(中國(guó)版 TikTok)獲得了數(shù)百萬(wàn)瀏覽量。
surname
四級(jí) + 考研詞匯
指的是我們的「姓氏」,相當(dāng)于 last name, family name。這個(gè)單詞也可以用作動(dòng)詞,表示「以姓氏稱呼」。所以 The influencer whose surname is Xu 可以簡(jiǎn)化為 The influencer surnamed Xu。
combined
四級(jí) + 考研詞匯
詞性為形容詞,派生自動(dòng)詞 combine。所以 combined 表示 done, made, or achieved by several people or groups working together「聯(lián)合的,共同的」。如 combined efforts「共同努力」。
而在文章中, combined 卻是指「總和的,總計(jì)的」,與 total 類似,比如 the combined population of two countries 是指「兩國(guó)總?cè)丝凇埂:茫覀儊?lái)看《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》有關(guān)航空業(yè)虧損的新聞。
After three awful years, when airlines worldwide suffered a combined cumulative net loss of $187bn, the winners will propel the global industry to a profit of $4.7bn in 2023, forecasts IATA, a trade body.
經(jīng)歷了全球航空公司累計(jì)凈虧損 1870 億美元的糟糕三年后,贏家將推動(dòng)全球航空業(yè)在 2023 年實(shí)現(xiàn) 47 億美元的利潤(rùn)。
have a following of …
考研詞匯
follower 是「關(guān)注者,粉絲」。所以 following 指的是 a group of people who support or admire someone「一批追隨者」。如果想表示人數(shù)多,那可以構(gòu)成詞組 have a big / huge following。
或者,我們可以說(shuō) have a huge fan base。頂流擁有巨大的粉絲規(guī)模,所以「頂流」的英文就是 celebrities with the highest fan following 或 the biggest fan base。
The movement quickly gained a following among young people.
這場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)迅速在年輕人中吸引了一批追隨者。
03
Ms Xu's videos were so widely shared even state-affiliated media reported on the topic. Some outlets called schools in the hopes of finding the boy, only to be told that he does not exist.
整段譯文:徐某的視頻被廣泛傳播,就連官媒也進(jìn)行了報(bào)道。一些媒體致電學(xué)校,希望找到這個(gè)男孩,但卻被告知本人并不存在。
affiliate
六級(jí) + 考研詞匯
表示 to link a group, a company, or an organization very closely with another larger one「使隸屬,使并入」更大的公司、組織等。通常用在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中,而且與 with 或介詞 to 搭配。
The hospital is affiliated with the local university.
這家醫(yī)院附屬于當(dāng)?shù)卮髮W(xué)。
state-affiliated media
因此,state-affiliated 字面意思是「隸屬于國(guó)家的」,state-affiliated media 指的就是「官媒」。好,下面一起來(lái)讀《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》的例句。
For half a century, between 1921 and 1971, the Football Association, which governs the sport in England, forbade women from playing on FA-affiliated pitches. “The game”, it opined, “is quite unsuitable for females.”
在從 1921 年到 1971 的半個(gè)世紀(jì)里,在英格蘭管理足球運(yùn)動(dòng)的英格蘭足球總會(huì) (Football Association) 禁止在下屬球場(chǎng)里舉行女足比賽。
04
A week after posting the first video, Ms Xu posted another clip claiming that she had got in touch with the boy’s family and returned the books. An investigation was launched after the authenticity of the videos was called into question.
整段譯文:在發(fā)布第一條視頻一周后,徐某又發(fā)布了另一段視頻,聲稱她已與男孩的家人取得聯(lián)系并歸還了作業(yè)。在視頻的真實(shí)性受到質(zhì)疑后,警方展開了調(diào)查。
authenticity
四級(jí)詞匯
在 那篇,剛跟它見過(guò)面。今天我們來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)詞 authenticate,這個(gè)動(dòng)詞只有一個(gè)詞義,即 to prove that sth is genuine, real or true「證明……是真實(shí)的;證實(shí)」。技術(shù)和安全領(lǐng)域常需要驗(yàn)證登錄、文件、藝術(shù)品等的真實(shí)性。
此外,這個(gè)詞也常用于描述通過(guò)密碼、生物識(shí)別等確認(rèn)用戶身份的過(guò)程。年初,《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》寫了一篇有關(guān)「認(rèn)證圖像真?zhèn)巍沟奈恼拢?biāo)題就是 Authenticating images。
Ways to establish the authenticity of digital imagery would therefore be valuable.
因此,能證實(shí)數(shù)字影像真實(shí)性的方法會(huì)很有價(jià)值。
call into question
也可寫為 call into doubt,意思是「使……受到質(zhì)疑,使人懷疑」,相當(dāng)于 make sb doubt sth。
His report calls into question the earlier reports we had.
他的報(bào)道使我們對(duì)之前的報(bào)道產(chǎn)生了懷疑。
這個(gè)短語(yǔ)在外刊中并不少見,來(lái)看《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》的一個(gè)例句。
There is lots of evidence to that effect. But the best-known estimate of the costs of restricting construction has been called into question.
有很多證據(jù)支持這一點(diǎn)。但關(guān)于限制建筑成本的最知名估計(jì)受到了質(zhì)疑。
05
The influencer, who is from the southern city of Hangzhou, has since apologised and acknowledged posting a fabricated story.
Ms Xu said she made up the story due to her "light legal consciousness" and acknowledged that her actions "disrupted the internet order and resulted in massive negative influence”.
整段譯文:這位來(lái)自南方城市杭州的網(wǎng)絡(luò)紅人已經(jīng)道歉,并承認(rèn)發(fā)布的故事為捏造。徐某稱,她是由于 「法律意識(shí)淡薄 」才編造故事,并承認(rèn)她的行為「擾亂了網(wǎng)絡(luò)秩序,造成了巨大的負(fù)面影響」。
light
熟詞生義
如果讓你翻譯「法律意識(shí)淡薄」,你會(huì)怎么翻「淡薄」?其實(shí)有個(gè)我們打小就熟悉的單詞可以輕松解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題,那就是 light。
除了作名詞「光」,它還是形容詞。既可表示「淺色的」,也可形容重量「輕的」,還可以表示 there is not very much of it or it is not very great「少量的,程度輕的」,反義詞仍是 heavy。比如,light traffic 是指「交通流量小」。有些女生偏愛的「淡妝」也跟它有關(guān),英文為 light make-up。
legal consciousness
consciousness 是「意識(shí)」。所以「法律意識(shí)淡薄」的英文是 light legal consciousness。但這種表述遠(yuǎn)沒有 weak legal consciousness 常用。或者我們還可以寫成 poor / low legal awareness。
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