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IPP評論是國家高端智庫華南理工大學公共政策研究院(IPP)官方微信平臺
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導語:關鍵礦產已成為美國人工智能、半導體、新能源、高端制造和國防工業體系不可或缺的戰略資源。為擺脫對華依賴,特朗普政府動員大規模產業政策,并加強與盟友合作,試圖重建“去中國化”的稀土供應鏈。近日,中國國務院公布《中華人民共和國礦產資源法實施條例》,明確自2026年6月15日起施行。新條例進一步將礦產資源,特別是戰略性礦產資源,納入國家安全、產業鏈供應鏈安全和應急保障體系之中。
IPP助理研究員莊文越在接受《南華早報》采訪時表示,新條例表明,中國已將戰略礦產資源的利用和保障提升到經濟安全與國家安全層面,強調國內供應、戰略管理、儲備建設和環境保護,并著力加強從勘探、采礦、生產、供應、儲備到銷售的全流程協調。
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在地緣政治競爭不斷加劇之際,中國將資源安全置于優先位置。中國將通過一套新的法規,加強對包括稀土在內的礦產資源的戰略管控,并統籌采礦、加工、利用和儲備等環節。
2026年5月15日,國務院總理李強簽署第839號國務院令,公布《中華人民共和國礦產資源法實施條例》(以下簡稱《條例》),自2026年6月15日起施行。《條例》提出了建設更加安全的關鍵礦產儲備體系的原則,并納入了提高應急準備能力的相關規定。
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這一舉措出臺之際,北京對稀土實施的出口管制,已經成為中美貿易與技術競爭中的一項重要工具。尤其是自2025年4月以來,在美國總統特朗普推出“解放日”關稅后,中國隨即出臺了相關限制措施。在特朗普上周高調訪華之后,白宮于周日表示,中國將“回應美國對稀土和其他關鍵礦產供應鏈短缺問題的關切”。
華南理工大學公共政策研究院(IPP)助理研究員莊文越表示,這些條例將授權中國國務院識別關鍵礦產,并實施規劃管控、限制措施和采礦許可管理;其中,《條例》第五條以及其他條款對多數關鍵礦產作出了詳細規定。
莊文越表示:
“中國已將戰略礦產資源的利用和保障提升到經濟安全與國家安全層面,強調國內供應、戰略管理和儲備,同時重視環境保護。”
他補充說:
“總體目標是加強從勘探、采礦、生產、供應、儲備到銷售的全流程協調。”
他指出,北京也在為采礦或生產中斷的情況制定應急預案。
目前,中國在稀土開采和加工領域保持主導地位。稀土對電子產品、家用電器、機器人以及先進武器等多個領域都至關重要。
根據美國地質調查局的數據,中國擁有世界上已知規模最大的稀土儲量,估計達4400萬噸,并且仍在繼續擴大國內產量。上個月,中國稀土永磁體出口總量為5126.3噸,較3月下降2.1%,但同比增長94.8%。
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從2019年到2026年4月的稀土磁體出口情況。圖源:路透社
不過,莊文越表示,新條例也反映出北京在保障其他礦產供應方面的更廣泛的戰略。他說:
“當其他國家在稀土問題上看向中國時,中國在鐵礦石、銅、鎳等礦產需求上同樣依賴進口,這一點與石油類似。”
他表示:
“新條例是中國建設儲備能力和韌性努力的一部分,因為國內供應若出現重大短缺,可能會影響人工智能和新能源轉型。”
他補充說,這部法律將取代20世紀80年代和90年代出臺的過時采礦及資源管理規則,并將提高所有權、采礦權和環境保護等方面的標準。
*以下為原英文報道,供讀者對照參考(請上下滑動查看)。
China will strengthen strategic control over its mineral resources – including rare earths – through a new set of regulations that coordinate mining, processing, utilisation and stockpiling, as policymakers prioritise resource security amid intensifying geopolitical competition.
The 79-article regulations on implementing the new mineral resources law were promulgated by Premier Li Qiang and will take effect on June 15. They set out principles or building a more secure reserve system for critical minerals and include provisions to improve emergency preparedness.
The move comes as Beijing’s export controls on rare earths have become an important tool in its trade and technology rivalry with the United States, particularly since April 2025 when restrictions were imposed following US President Donald Trump’s “Liberation Day” tariffs.
Following Trump’s high-stakes visit to China last week, the White House said on Sunday that China would “address US concerns over supply chain shortages of rare earths and other critical minerals” cabinet, to identify critical minerals and enforce planning controls, restrictions and mining authorisations, with Article 5 and other clauses including detailed stipulations on most critical minerals.
“Beijing has elevated using and securing strategic mineral resources to an economic and national security level, stressing internal supply, strategic management and hoarding as well as environmental protection,” Zhuang said.
“The overarching goal is to strengthen whole-process coordination from exploration, mining, production, supply, storage and sales,” he added, noting that Beijing was also preparing contingency plans in the event mining or production were disrupted.
China maintains a dominant position in the mining and processing of rare earths, which are essential to sectors ranging from electronics and home appliances to robotics and advanced weaponry.
The country holds the world’s largest known reserves, estimated at 44 million metric tons according to the US Geological Survey, and has continued to scale up domestic production. Overall exports of rare earth permanent magnets totalled 5,126.3 tonnes last month, down 2.1 per cent from March but up 94.8 per cent compared with the same month last year.
However, Zhuang said the new regulations also reflected Beijing’s broader push to secure supplies of other minerals. “While others look to China for rare earths, China also relies on imports for its needs in iron ore, copper, nickel and others, much like oil,” he said.
“The new regulation forms part of efforts to build reserves and resilience as significant domestic supply shortfalls could impact AI and the new energy transition.”
The law would replace outdated mining and resource management rules introduced in the 1980s and 1990s, he added, and would raise standards for ownership, mining rights and environmental protection.
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原報道于2026年5月22日刊登于《南華早報》官網,原標題為“China moves to secure critical mineral supply chain with sweeping new framework”。
IPP公共關系與傳播中心
排版 | 周浩鍇
校對 | 劉 深
終審 | 劉金程
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受訪人
莊文越 華南理工大學公共政策研究院(IPP) 助理研究員
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華南理工大學公共政策研究院(IPP)是一個獨立、非營利性的知識創新與公共政策研究平臺。IPP圍繞中國的體制改革、社會政策、中國話語權與國際關系等開展一系列的研究工作,并在此基礎上形成知識創新和政策咨詢協調發展的良好格局。IPP的愿景是打造開放式的知識創新和政策研究平臺,成為領先世界的中國智庫。
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